PAKISTAN GEM SAFARI,geology,mineralogy,education, geological data Afghanistan gems

Tourmaline from Estaknala, located at the foot of Haramosh mount, 7 kms from Sassi. (Between Gilgit and Skardu)		The Northern areas conceals treasures, such of rubies, emeralds, sapphires, aquamarines, topazes, tourmalines etc. Unfortunately, their extraction directly in the bed-rock, makes the exploitation very difficult.

Emeralds from Sassi found in a limestone.

A gravel-top 241 kms road track connects Gilgit to Skardu, the capital of Baltistan perched 2438 meters above sea level. The journey takes 6 to 8 hours. Sassi is located at the edge of this road, in the geological belt made up amongst other things of amphibolites surrounding Nanga Parbat, one of the famous peaks of the Himalayas.
Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Geological Maps		In Sassi, life is hard, but the inhabitants are friendly.


		At an elevation of 1,454 meters lies Gilgit.
		This wood bridge is one of the longest of the
The Rakaposhi Volcanic Complex previously called the greenstone complex covers a large part of the Hunza Valley.Four main lithological elements comprising the whole mass: 1 basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyodacite to rhyolite. 2 greenschists, actinolite,chlorite schists, hornblend schist, amphibolite and agglomerates 3 Medium crystalline limestone and marble, quartzite, chert, slates and micaschist. 4 The igneous intrusions are mostly in the form of acid and basic sills and dykes. Leucocratic granites bodies are quite common.
		Himalayas.

		Rakaposhi overview from Aliabad.
		· Valley of Hunza.

Topaz from Dasso ( Shigar.)	· Shigar valley is the gateway to the great mountain
Visit Skardu	peaks of the Karakorams, Gasherbrum peak & K-2.

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Cherry topaz from Mardan ( natural coulour.)	· Mardan, on the road to Swat conceals the only
	deposit of natural cherry topaz in the world.

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	· Emerald from Mingora, the main city of Swat. The
deposit discovered in 1958 was closured and monopolized
by the government, it is what compelled certain inhabitants
residing in the neighborhood to dig under their house
in order to research the prohibited treasure.		TECTONIC CONTROL OVER EMERALD MINERALIZATION IN SWAT.

It is in the Swat valley that Alexander of Macedon fought		Emerald and chromian tourmaline occur in carbonate-talc/
and won some of his major battles before crossing over		serpentine/chlorite rocks, carbonate-bearing talc schists,
to the plain of Pakistan.		and associated quartz veins near Mingora, Charbagh, and
Let us note that the emerald was known for a long time		Shangla. The rocks are altered ultramafics found in a
in this valley, thanks to an analysis on a stone of a		discontinuous belt of volcanic, volcano-sedimentary, and
Gallo-Roman ear-ring, witch shown that this emerald		sedimentary rocks that have undergone high P-low T
originated in of the mines located in the Swat valley.		metamorphism.
This thanks to the measurement of the report/ratio of		This is at the occasion of one of our visits in the valley, that some children tolled us that they found some fragments of emerald in the Swat river.
concentration of the isotopes ¹⁸O and ¹⁶O.
Indeed, the isotopic composition out of oxygen of this
precious stone is dependent on that of the rock where
it crystallized.



· Central street of Mingora.